Leukemia, Epidemiologi, Patogenesis, Leukemia Akut

LEUKEMIA :


KEGANASAN  SEL DARAH PUTIH / JARINGAN. DITANDAI ADANYA :
  • PROLIFERASI DAN AKUMULASI TAK TERKONTROL DARI INDUK SEL DARAH PUTIH DAN TURUNANNYA , DAPAT  MELIBATKAN BEBERAPA JALUR SEL LAIN DARI  SEL STEM SUMSUM TULANG. 
- PERTUMBUHAN SEL TAK TERKONTROL
- DAPAT MENGINFILTRASI KEJARINGAN TUBUH LAIN
  • DISCOVERED BY DR. ALFRED VELPEAU IN FRANCE, 1827
  • NAMED BY PATHOLOGIST RUDOLF VIRCHOW IN GERMANY, 1845

OVERVIEW

  • KONSEP BIOLOGI
  • EPIDEMIOLOGI/ INSIDENSI
  • PATOGENESIS
  • DIAGNOSIS :
- GEJALA DAN TANDA KLINIS
- LABORATORIUM : HEMATOLOGI , SITOKIMIA, SITOGENETIKA.
- BMP (BONE MARROW PUNCTION/ BMA), BMB (BONE         
MARROW BIOPTIE ) : SITOMORFOLOGI,  IMMUNOPHENOTYPING.
  • PENATALAKSANAAN
  • PROGNOSIS
INSIDENSI :
  • LEULKEMIA AKUT  DPT  TERJADI PD SEMUA  UMUR :
- ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) ->  ANAK  
- ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (AML) -> DEWASA
  • LEUKEMIA  KRONIS  BIASANYA  PADA  DEWASA :
  - CLL (CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA) JARANG
     PADA ANAK, PADA ORANG DEWASA < 40 TAHUN
  - CML (CHRONIC MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA) PADA
    DEWASA, PUNCAK PD UMUR 30-50 TAHUN.
 

Menurut perjalanan penyakit :

Leukemia dikelompokan 2 grup utama :
Akut :
  • Munculnya mendadak
  • Perjalanannya  sangat agresif. 
  • Terdiri sel berdeferensiasi
  • Jelek dengan timbunan  sel blast (sel muda ).

Kronis :
  • Munculnya perlahan
  • Kurang agresif
  • Didominasi sel dewasa, terdapat beberapa sel muda (limfoblast /mieloblast).

PATOGENESIS :
  • Perubahan molekul DNA sel hemopoetik
  • Perubahan gen normal tertentu
  • Transformasi maligna
  • Proliferasi klonal abnormal sel induk/ sel progenitor

LEUKEMIA AKUT

OBJECTIVE :
  • Define acute leukemia
  • Classify leukemia
  • Understand the pathogenesis
  • Understand the pathophysiology
  • Able to list down the laboratory investigations required for diagnosis
  • Understand the basic management of leukemia patients
ACUTE LEUKAEMIA
  • Define : heterogenous group of malignant disorders which is characterised by uncontrolled clonal and accumulation of blasts cells in the bone marrow and body tissues
  • Sudden onset
  • If left untreated is fatal within a few weeks or months

SIGNIFICANCE OF ADULT ACUTE LEUKEMIA :
  • A hematologic urgency
  • Usually fatal within weeks to months without chemotherapy
  • With treatment, high mortality due to disease or treatment-related complications (unlike childhood acute leukemia)
  • Notify Hematologist promptly if acute leukemia is suspected
Causes of acute leukemias :
  • Idiopathic (most)
  • Underlying Hematologic Disorders
  • Chemicals, Drugs
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Viruses (htlv I)
  • High Level Radiation/toxin Exposure
  • Hereditary/genetic Conditions

Develop as a result of a genetic alteration within single cell in the bone marrow
a).  Epidemiological evidence :
       1.  Hereditary Factors
            - Fanconi’s anaemia
            - Down’s syndrome
            - Ataxia telangiectasia
       2.  Radiation, Chemicals and Drugs
       3.  Virus related Leukemias
            - Retrovirus :- HTLV 1 & EBV
b).  Molecular Evidence
      *  Oncogenes :
          - Gene that code for proteins involved in cell proliferation or differentiation
      *  Tumour Suppressor Genes :
          - Changes within oncogene or suppressor genes are necessary to cause transformation.
          - Oncogene can be activated by :
            · chromosomal translocation
            · point mutations
            · inactivation
     * In general, several genes have to be altered to effect neoplastic transformation.


Patogenesis
  • Perubahan molekul DNA sel hemopoetik
  • Perubahan gen normal tertentu
  • Transformasi maligna
  • Proliferasi klonal abnormal sel induk/progenitor
METABOLIC IMBALANCE :
  • Due to disease or treatment
  • Hyponatremia vasopressin-like subst. by myeloblast
  • Hypokalemia due to lysozyme release by myeloblast
  • Hyperuricaemia- spont lysis of leukemic blast release purines into plasma.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Acute leukemia cause morbidity and mortality through :
A. Deficiency in blood cell number and function
B. Invasion of vital organs
C. Systemic disturbances by metabolic imbalance

A. Deficiency in blood cell number or function
   * Infection
      - Most common cause of death
      - Due to impairment of phagocytic function  
        and neutropenia.
   * Hemorrhage
      - Due to thrombocytopenia or  DIC or liver disease.
   * Anaemia
      - normochromic-normocytic
      - severity of anaemia reflects severity of disease
      - Due to ineffective erythropoiesis

B. Invasion of vital organs
     - vary according to subtype
* Hyperleukocytosis
     - cause increase in blood viscosity
     - Predispose to microthrombi or acute     bleeding
     - Organ invole : brain, lung, eyes
     - Injudicious used of packed cell transfusion precipitate hyperviscosity.
* Leucostatic tumour
     - Rare
     - Blast cell lodge in vascular system forming
       macroscopic pseudotumour – erode vessel wall cause
       bleeding
* Hidden site relapse
    - testes and meninges


C. Systemic disturbances by metabolic imbalance
  • Attacks the immune system
  • Infections
  • Anemia
  • Weakness
  • No more regular white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
  • Blasts clog blood stream and bone marrow
  • Paraneoplstic syndrome

LLA : Klasifikasi Imunologik
  • Null  ALL
  • Common ALL
  • T  ALL
  • B  ALL
DIAGNOSIS :
  • GEJALA DAN TANDA KLINIS
  • LABORATORIUM
  • BMP (BONE MARROW PUNCTION/ BONE
  • MARROW  ASPIRATION )
  • BMB (BONE MARROW BIOPTIE ).
GEJALA KLINIS:
- LEMAH BADAN, MUDAH CAPAI, - PANAS, - PEDARAHAN
- ORGANOMEGALI
- LIMPADENOPATIA
- STERNAL TENDERNESS
- HIPERTROFI GINGGIVA, KULIT, JAR.LUNAK/ MENINGEN -> AML M4/ M5.
- DIC/ TENDENSI PERDARAHAN  APL, ACA.
- AKIBAT LEUKOSTASIS ( SESAK NAFAS, NYERI DADA, NYERI KEPALA, GANGGUAN MENTAL, PARESIS NN.CRAN., PRIAPISM)












































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